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The Black Papers were a series of pamphlets on education, their name being a contrast to government White Papers. According to the ''Critical Quarterly'' website the Black Papers were: ...an attack on the excesses of progressive education and the introduction by the Labour Party of a system of 11-18 comprehensives to replace the grammar school...the furore it created led to the publication of four more pamphlets. Contributors included Kingsley Amis, Robert Conquest, Geoffrey Bantock, Jacques Barzun, Iris Murdoch and Rhodes Boyson. The Black Papers were not opposed in principle to progressive education, only to its excesses, which were rampant in British schools in the 1960s and 1970s. They criticised selection for grammar schools at the age of eleven and advocated it should be delayed until children were at least thirteen years of age. They criticised the student sit-ins which were damaging the reputation of British universities...The editors became leaders in a national campaign; today the Black Paper proposals for schools by and large are accepted by both the Conservative and Labour Parties in Britain.〔(''Critical Quarterly'' website )〕 The first two, both published in 1969, had the most impact:〔("The Black Papers — there were five but the first two had the greatest impact..." )〕 : * ''(Fight for Education )'', March 1969, edited by Brian Cox and A.E. Dyson〔Critical Survey 4(1) Winter 1969〕 * ''(Crisis in Education )'', edited by Brian Cox〔Critical Survey 4(3)〕 The Labour Secretary of State for Education Edward Short said in a speech to the National Union of Teachers in 1969: "In my view the publication of the Black Paper was one of the blackest days for education in the past century".〔(BBC Radio 4, ''Comp'', programme three: 'The Blackest Day?' )〕 Forty years later he had not changed his views, saying of them: "These were scurrilous documents; quite disgraceful".〔 ==See also== *Debates on the grammar school 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black Papers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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